Martensitic Stainless Steel Product Overview
Если вам нужны high hardness stainless that you can heat treat like tool steel—but still expect reliable corrosion resistance—then martensitic stainless steel is likely what you’re looking for. This martensitic steel family (classic 400 series stainless steel) delivers a unique mix of strength, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance in a fully magnetic stainless steel structure.
In my product lineup, I focus on martensitic stainless steel grades engineered for demanding, real-world service: hardened stainless steel for cutting edges, shaft material with tight dimensional control, and heat treatable stainless that holds up under load and abrasion. Once quenched and tempered, these martensitic stainless alloys reach high Rockwell hardness, making them ideal where wear resistant stainless steel is critical and standard austenitic grades fall short.
Who Uses Martensitic Stainless Steel?
This product range is built for engineers, buyers, and manufacturers in sectors where strength plus corrosion resistance is non-negotiable, including:
- Cutlery and knives – consumer and professional martensitic knife steel, cutlery grade stainless steel
- Medical and surgical instruments – precision surgical instrument steel
- Pumps, valves, and fittings – valve and pump stainless steel operating in mild media
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- This makes quenched and tempered martensitic stainless a dependable choice for hardened stainless steel shafts, fasteners, and critical rotating parts.
If you’re comparing martensitic stainless to other high-performance alloys for demanding parts, it can pair well with options like our stainless steel product range for industrial applications depending on your target strength, corrosion level, and cost.
Martensitic Stainless Steel Grades Offered
We stock a full range of martensitic stainless steel grades so U.S. manufacturers can match the right material to the job instead of overpaying or compromising performance.
AISI 410 Martensitic Stainless Steel
AISI 410 is the workhorse martensitic stainless steel grade for general-purpose use.
- Good balance of strength, hardness, and cost
- Common choice for pump and valve stainless, structural parts, and basic shaft material
- Available in bar, plate, and machine-ready blanks
AISI 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel
AISI 420 cURL Too many subrequests. cutlery grade stainless steel with higher carbon than 410.
- Higher hardness after heat treat for sharper, longer-lasting edges
- Используются в knives, surgical instrument steel, molds, and wear parts
- Popular where you need hardened stainless steel with decent corrosion resistance
AISI 440C Martensitic Stainless Steel
AISI 440C is a premium high hardness stainless и wear resistant stainless steel.
- Very high hardness (HRC 58–60+ when properly heat treated)
- Отлично подходит для martensitic knife steel, bearings, and precision components
- Ideal when you need maximum wear resistance in a heat treatable stainless сплавах
Other Key Martensitic Steel Grades: 416 and 431
- 416 free machining stainless: Modified 410 with sulfur for much better machinability, perfect for high-volume turned parts and fasteners.
- cURL Too many subrequests.: Higher strength and better toughness than 410; widely used for shafts, marine parts, and turbines where both strength and corrosion resistance matter.
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- 440C stainless steel (high C, ~16–18% Cr) delivers very high hardness and wear resistance, common in martensitic knife steel and precision bearings.
How composition affects hardness and corrosion
The chemistry directly drives performance:
- Hardness & strength
- More carbon and chromium carbides = higher achievable HRC after quench and temper.
- Grades like 440C can reach very high hardness for wear resistant stainless steel применениях.
- Коррозионная стойкость
- More chromium and molybdenum = better resistance in air, water, and mild chemicals.
- Too much carbon without proper processing can form excess carbides and reduce effective chromium, lowering corrosion resistance.
- Machinability vs performance
- Sulfur in 416 improves machining for U.S. job shops and OEMs, but slightly reduces toughness and corrosion resistance compared with cleaner grades like 410 or 420.
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Mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel
Martensitic stainless steel is all about strength, hardness, and wear resistance after heat treatment. That’s why it’s a go-to hardened stainless steel for U.S. manufacturers who need performance, not just corrosion resistance.
Strength by martensitic stainless steel grade
Typical room-temperature mechanical properties (quenched & tempered):
- 410 martensitic stainless steel
- Tensile strength: ~ 700–1,100 MPa (100–160 ksi)
- Yield strength: ~ 450–900 MPa (65–130 ksi)
- 420 martensitic stainless steel (higher carbon)
- Tensile strength: ~ 800–1,300 MPa (115–190 ksi)
- Yield strength: ~ 550–1,000 MPa (80–145 ksi)
- 440C martensitic stainless steel (high hardness stainless)
- Tensile strength: can exceed 1,900 MPa (275+ ksi) at high hardness
- Yield strength: typically 1,300+ MPa (190+ ksi)
Values vary with section size, exact martensitic stainless composition, and heat treatment, but across the board martensitic steel delivers far higher strength than standard austenitic 304/316.
Hardness after quench and temper (HRC)
After proper austenitizing, quenching, and tempering, martensitic stainless alloys reach:
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- Thermal expansion & dimensional stability: Coefficients of thermal expansion are typically 9.5–11.0 × 10⁻⁶ /°F (17–20 × 10⁻⁶ /°C) from room temp to a few hundred °F. In practice, that means:
- Parts stay dimensionally stable under normal operating temperatures
- Quenched and tempered martensitic steel holds tighter tolerances than many high-alloy tool steels when cycled hot and cold
- Magnetic permeability: Martensitic stainless steel is strongly magnetic in both annealed and hardened states. Permeability is higher than austenitic stainless, so it’s a good fit when you need:
- Magnetic response for sensors, couplings, and holding fixtures
- A magnetic stainless steel with better hardness and wear resistance than mild steel
These physical properties make martensitic stainless steel a smart choice for hardened stainless steel components where weight, heat flow, and magnetic behavior all matter.
Heat Treatment of Martensitic Stainless Steel
Heat treatment is what turns martensitic stainless steel from “just stainless” into a true hardened stainless steel with high wear resistance and strength. Done right, you get the hardness you need without killing toughness.
Austenitizing: Temperatures & Soak Time
Для большинства martensitic stainless steel grades (410, 420, 440C, 431, etc.):
- Austenitizing range: обычно 950–1100°C (1740–2010°F) depending on grade and carbon level
- Common practice:
- 410 / 416: ~980–1010°C (1795–1850°F)
- 420: ~980–1040°C (1795–1900°F)
- 440C: ~1040–1100°C (1900–2010°F)
- Hold time: обычно 20–45 minutes at temperature after parts are uniformly hot (longer for thicker cross-sections)
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Quenching: Media & Cooling Practice
To form martensite, these steels must be cooled fast enough from austenitizing:
- Oil quench is common for 410, 420, 431 to reduce cracking risk.
- High-pressure gas quench (vacuum furnaces) is popular in US shops for distortion control on 440C and precision parts.
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- Kitchen knives, hunting knives, and cutlery – high edge hardness, good wear resistance, and easy re-sharpening.
- Surgical instruments and medical tools – stable hardness after heat treatment and consistent performance under repeated sterilization.
For demanding medical implants and precision components, solutions like our knee and femoral condyle implant materials show how controlled hardness and corrosion resistance matter in real use (see our advanced femoral condyle implant components).
Pumps, valves, and shaft components
Martensitic stainless is a proven valve and pump stainless steel для:
- Pump shafts, valve stems, and seats
- Rotors and couplings in fluid systems
Grades like 410 and 431 stainless shaft material offer a strong mix of strength, hardness, and moderate corrosion resistance in water, steam, and mild chemical service.
Turbine blades, bearings, and power generation parts
In power and energy, martensitic steel works well where wear, temperature, and stress are all in play:
- Turbine blades and buckets
- Bearings, rings, and wear parts
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Industrial molds, tooling, and fasteners
Для industrial tooling, we supply martensitic stainless alloy для:
- Plastic molds, die components, and tooling inserts
- High-strength stainless fasteners and wear plates
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Aerospace and automotive martensitic components
In the U.S. aerospace and automotive markets, martensitic stainless is a staple for:
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- Weak spots:
- Saltwater, sea spray, de-icing salts (road brine)
- Strong acids, chlorides, bleach-type cleaners
- Tight crevices and stagnant water
- Risks:
- Pitting and crevice corrosion
- Stress corrosion cracking under load in chloride media
If your part lives near the coast, in chemical plants, or in salt-heavy service, we usually recommend a different stainless or even copper-based alloys from our copper alloy portfolio.
Surface finishing and maintenance tips
You can stretch the life of martensitic stainless steel with basic finishing and care:
- Best finishes:
- Fine ground or polished (less surface roughness = less corrosion sites)
- Passivated to remove free iron and boost corrosion resistance
- Simple maintenance (especially for U.S. shop and field use):
- Rinse off salt, coolant, and dirt regularly
- Dry parts instead of leaving them wet or submerged
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- Light oil or corrosion inhibitor on critical edges, tools, and shafts
Handled right, martensitic stainless steel delivers a solid balance of corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear performance for real-world American manufacturing and end-use conditions.
Machining martensitic stainless steel
Machinability of 410, 420, 440C martensitic steel
410, 420, and 440C martensitic stainless steel all machine differently, and that matters a lot for your cycle time and tooling cost:
- 410 stainless steel bar and plate – Best machinability of the three. Machines similar to a medium-carbon steel when supplied in the annealed or normalized condition.
- 420 martensitic stainless – Higher carbon means higher hardness and more tool wear. Keep it in the annealed state for heavy machining, then heat treat.
- 440C hardened stainless steel – Very abrasive once hardened (high carbon + high chromium carbides). Rough machine before heat treat whenever possible and reserve hard machining for finishing only.
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- For tapping, use form taps or high-performance cut taps with strong lubrication
If you need help dialing in feeds/speeds for a specific martensitic stainless steel grade or part geometry, I can walk you through a setup that balances tool life with throughput.
Welding martensitic stainless steel
cURL Too many subrequests. martensitic stainless steel (410, 420, 440C, 431, etc.) takes more care than austenitic grades, but it’s very manageable if you control heat input and follow the right steps.
Weldability challenges and cracking risks
Martensitic stainless is hardenable and has higher carbon, which makes it prone to:
- Cold cracking and hydrogen cracking in the heat-affected zone
- Hard, brittle microstructures if it cools too fast after welding
- Loss of corrosion resistance if welds aren’t properly tempered
To reduce cracking risks on martensitic steel and hardened stainless steel, we keep heat input moderate, avoid high restraint joints, and use low-hydrogen processes and consumables.
Preheating and post-weld heat treatment
Для большинства martensitic stainless steel grades, we use:
- Preheat: typically 400–600°F (200–315°C) depending on grade and section size
- Interpass control: keep the joint warm and avoid big temperature swings
- Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT): tempering after welding to restore toughness, reduce hardness, and relieve stress
On critical parts like shafts, turbine components, or valve bodies, PWHT is essential to balance hardness, strength, and ductility.
Filler metal selection for martensitic grades
Choosing the right filler is key for reliable martensitic stainless welds:
- Match or slightly overmatch strength with martensitic fillers for 410, 420, 431
- Используйте austenitic stainless fillers (e.g., 309/310) when you need better crack resistance or are joining to carbon steel
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If you’re combining welded martensitic parts with CNC-turned components, aligning the weld procedure with your machining plan can save a lot of finishing time; we often recommend pairing this with optimized setups from our CNC turning process and materials guide.
Available Forms and Specifications for Martensitic Stainless Steel
We stock and process martensitic stainless steel in the most common industrial forms so you can match the grade to your part design without extra hassle.
Common Product Forms
Our martensitic stainless steel products are available as:
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- Flexible shipping: LTL, full truckload, or export packing for global plants
That combination keeps your line running and your cost per part under control.
Technical Support for Grade Selection & Design
Martensitic stainless steel can be tricky. You want a supplier who actually understands it, not just resells it:
- Help choosing between 410, 420, 440C, 416, 431 based on hardness, corrosion, and machinability
- Recommendations on термической обработке, surface finish, and allowable tolerances
- Поддержка для casting solutions when you need complex shapes, including options like precision lost-wax casting
- Feedback on design-for-manufacturing (DFM) so parts run cleanly in US machine shops
That’s how you get martensitic stainless steel that actually works in your application, not just looks good on a spec sheet.
Technical data sheets for martensitic stainless steel
I provide complete technical data sheets for every martensitic stainless steel grade we supply, so your engineers and buyers can move fast and make clean decisions.
Grade‑specific martensitic stainless steel data
You’ll get grade-focused sheets for each martensitic stainless steel grade (410, 420, 440C, 416, 431 and specials), including:
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| Chemical composition | C, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Si, S, P ranges + martensitic stainless composition notes |
| Mechanical properties | Tensile, yield, elongation, impact, hardness by condition |
| Physical properties | Density, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistivity |
| Product forms | Bar, plate, sheet, coil, forging, near-net shapes |
| Стандарты | AISI / ASTM / UNS / EN equivalents for martensitic steel |
Where needed, we also include property curves (e.g., hardness vs tempering temperature) to help you dial in performance on quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel.
Heat treatment and processing guides
For heat treatable stainless grades, we add simple, shop-friendly processing guides:
- Austenitizing ranges and soak times by martensitic stainless steel grade
- Recommended quench media (oil, air, polymer) and cooling rates
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| Grade (martensitic stainless) | Max Hardness (approx.) |
|---|---|
| AISI 410 | ~ HRC 40–45 |
| AISI 420 (high C) | ~ HRC 50–54 |
| AISI 440C | ~ HRC 58–60+ |
| AISI 431 | ~ HRC 35–40 |
Actual values depend on section size, heat treatment, and tempering temperature. We review each application and heat treat spec with you before production.
Food and medical suitability
- Food contact:
- 420 and 440-type martensitic stainless are widely used in cutlery, blades, and some food-processing tools.
- Для wet, salty, or acidic food environments, austenitic grades (like 304/316) are usually preferred for better corrosion resistance.
- Medical use:
- Certain martensitic grades (like specific 420/440 variants) are used for surgical instrument steel because of their hardness and edge retention.
- Biocompatibility and surface finish must meet FDA and relevant standards; we follow customer drawings and specs closely.
For project-specific compliance questions, we usually walk customers through requirements similar to what we cover in our detailed material FAQs and support resources.
Lead times and availability by size and grade
Lead time depends on grade, size, and processing:
| Пункт | Typical Situation (US customers) |
|---|---|
| Stock bar / plate (410 / 420) | Часто ready or short lead |
| 440C round bar & precision | Usually 2–4 недели with processing |
| Custom sizes / forged shapes | Обычно 4–8+ weeks, project-based |
| Heat treated / machined parts | Добавить cURL Too many subrequests. for processing |
We keep core 400 series stainless steel sizes flowing with stable pricing and can lock in delivery windows for repeat orders so your production schedule stays predictable.
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